Geto-dacii credeau ca spiritul omului e nemuritor,trupul fiind o impiedicare pentru suflet de a se bucura de nemurire,de aceea trupul biologic nu are nici un pret,poftele trupesti fiind ignorate cu desavarsire.

In razboi,un geto-dac trebuia sa invinga sau sa moara luptand,de preferat cu o arma in mana,asemeni triburilor germanice in care spre exemplu un vking ajungea in Valhalla alaturi de Odin unde sta cu el la masa daca murea cu sabia in mana.

Nu exista absolut nici un regret asupra mortii la geto-daci,din contra,sufletul celui decedat intr-un mod razboinic se inalta catre Cer,spre Zalmoxis,stapanul nostru si parintele nostru Ceresc Universal.

Un geto-dac nu poate dobandi nemurirea spirituala daca nu renunta la poftele trupesti cum ar fi alcoolul,drogurile,carnea sau sexualitatea de grup ritualica,cum de pilda,tracii sudici din Balcani,vecini ai grecilor,fiind influentati de catre osirism prin greci (Osiris-Dionysos-Sabazius) practicau diverse culte chtoniene si aveau ritualuri orgiastice (sexul in grup) care ii duceau la extaz si foloseau anumite droguri halucinogene cum ar fi ciuperci fermecate sau diverse plante apoi se imbatau in onoarea zeului lor suprem,pe care il numeau Sabazius si care nu era decat un Dionysos luat de la greci,iubitor de vin.

Acest Dionysos-Sabazius spurcat de egipteni prin greci,a inlocuit adevarata religie pur uraniana a tracilor sudici,ei la inceput adorand aceiasi divinitate urano-solara ca si fratii lor de la nord de Oceanos Potamos, geto-dacii,care aveau credinte total opuse despre viata si nemurire,specifice nordului.

Asadar,geto-dacii vor fi de esenta divina ei insisi,asemeni zeilor.

La ce folos pentru un geto-dac sa se “distreze” in viata biologica foarte scurta,cand nemurirea lui era legata de Cer si de Zalmoxis,prin moartea trupeasca si eliberarea sufletului din “temnita” el va putea ajunge la zeul suprem.

Zalmoxis reprezinta Cerul,masculinul de unde samanta vietii a pornit pe femininul Pamant,fecundandu-l,astfel infaptuind viata.

Cerul senin este chipul zeului,iar vremea rea reprezinta amenintarea si incercarea unor elemente negative de a tulbura linistea oamenilor,de aceea geto-dacii trag cu arcul cu sageti spre Cer,alungand norii care ascund si intuneca fata zeului.

                                                                              Simbolul urano-solar al lui Zalmoxis

Avand o religie pur uraniana cu puternice elemente solare ca explicatie,geto-dacii adora pe Zalmoxis pe muntii cei inalti,acolo unde se avanta doar vulturii si unde doar urletul razboinic al lupilor carpatini isi face simtita prezenta,Cerul rasunand la strigatele lor catre zeu.

Templul si palatul lui Zalmoxis se afla in varful muntelui,intr-o pestera,cum din cele mai vechi timpuri minoice fusese adorat Zeul Trasnetului/Fulgerului al Securii Duble,intr-o pestera din muntele Ida.

                                                                         Zalmoxis,Zamolxis - Zeul Securii Duble

Marele Preot al geto-dacilor,care locuieste in varful Kogaionului (Muntele Sfant) se coboara la oameni foarte rar,doar atunci cand are de dat vreo porunca pentru curatirea de pacate sau diverse invataturi spirituale.

Regele geto-dacilor,fiind stapan doar asupra trupurilor supusilor sai nu are putere asupra sufletelor oamenilor,doar Marele Preot avand aceasta atributie,insusi reprezentantul suprem al puterii sacerdotale fiind de esenta divina.

Puterea politico-militara si cea sacerdotala nu se amesteca.

Odata la patru ani,sau cateodata la cinci,natiunea geto-daca adduce zeului suprem o jertfa umana,constand intr-un baiat ales dintre cei mai viteji si curati dintre geto-daci.

Acesta va fi aruncat de catre preoti in trei lanci infipte in pamant,cu varfurile spre Cer,fiind nevoie ca tanarul sa moara infipt in cele trei lanci.

Acest ritual se face in varful muntelui cel sfant Kogaion,Kogaionon.

Daca tanarul jertfit intru cinstea zeului nu moare repede,si fara sa atinga pamantul,este semn rau iar acest ritual se repeta pana cand va fi implinit cum se cuvine.

Sufletul tanarului,odata eliberat din temnita trupeasca, sangele defunctului atingand solul,spiritual acestuia va merge catre Cer,spre Zalmoxis si apoi dacii vor fi bucurosi ca sunt legati din nou de Zeu prin acest ritual sfant.

Spiritul celui mort in acest ritual se inalta catre Cer pe un pod de curcubeu,ca la germanici,cand sufletul razboinic al unui Viking ajungea in Valhalla cea din Cer tot pe un pod de curcubeu.

Iata cum ne relateaza Herodot acest ritual barbar:

 „Unii din ei primesc porunca sa tina trei sulite (cu vârful în sus), iar altii apucând de mâini si de picioare pe cel ce urmeaza sa fie trimis la Zalmoxis, si ridicându-l în sus, îl azvârl în sulite. Daca - strapuns de sulite - acesta moare, getii socot ca Zeul le este binevoitor. Iar daca nu moare, aduc învinuiri solului, zicând ca e un om ticalos si, dupa învinuirile aduse, trimit un altul, caruia îi dau însarcinari înca fiind în viata”.

Participantii la ceremonie înconjurau locul jertfei si se prindeau în dansul TIA-RANTOS, care începea cu un ritm grav, oracular. În acest timp, marele preot rostea incantatia rituala de primire a solului în ceruri:

                   EV ME ALKYN MEGER VATEAS IAP POL ARCO-DA-BARA? 

                   NALAXIS   DA VAISTRO!

                   NANIS, VET EV SORN!

                   LA HIMAI PHILIP LAXIN! CORYVIN DAS !

Cine se înalta la mine (la noi), gonindu-si calul peste Podul-de-Foc (Curcubeu)? Ferice de voi!
Stapâne, suna din corn! Din ceruri belsugul (ploaia) sa curga ! Domnul e mare !

Textul getic se afla încrustat pe o piatra meteoritica - asadar cereasca! - descoperita în ruinele cetatii de la Corbi (jud. Arges). În momentul mortii pamântene a mesagerului get, Marele preot striga: DOBEROS DABEIS „Cel Curat s-a înaltat”.

Atunci participantii la ceremonie repetau si ei spusele marelui preot si accelerau ritmul dansului. De la stravechiul strigat de bucurie al dansatorilor - DOBEROS DABEIS - s-a ajuns prin etimologie populara, la strigatura româneasca „Doua fire, doua paie, / Ia Ciuleandra la bataie!”

Vechii istorici greci numeau pe Zalmoxis si Gebeleizis,ambele variante reprezentand acelasi zeu.

Aici avem de-a face cu un Henoteism,dupa cum a spus si Vasile Parvan,un singur zeu absolut fiind numit in mai multe feluri,cum de pilda si ceilalti traci numeau zeul suprem Zeus,Apollo,Asclepios ori Sabazius,el fiind acelasi zeu stravechi indo-european nordic,uranian.

Zeul suprem la geto-daci nu avea nevoie de un nume propriu,cid oar de attribute explicative ale puterii sale absolute si infinite,la nivel universal.

Speculatiile rau intentionate de mai tarziu ale lui grecului Strabo cum ca Zalmoxis ca profet ar fi fost sclavul lui Pythragoras sunt simple fantezii.

Articol scris de Kogaion

Gigantii,o generatie titanica,nascuta din Terra sau Gaia (Gaea) si Uran (Uranus),erau niste oameni superbi,violenti si impii deoarece nu aveau credinta in Zei;ei insisi fiind de esenta divina.

Gigantii formau prin excelenta un popor muntean (Uran=munteanul,om de la munte).

In razboiul lor cu Zeus ei ridicara munti peste munti ca sa ajunga in Olymp,la palatal lui Zeus;imensul Atlas se cutremura la atacul lor,si cu toate ca Zeii,in frunte cu Zeus se napustira asupra lor,aruncand cu fulgere,tot nu au fost in stare sa-i invinga,doar cu ajutorul lui Hercule reusind Zeii aceasta isprava.

Patria Gigantilor se afla pe teritoriul Daciei vechi,langa raul cel sfant Oceanos Potamos (Dunarea),unde s-au nascut si fratii lor mai mari,Titanii,din aceiasi parinti (Gaia si Uran).

 Adeseori,romanii foloseau drept comparative “lupta dintre Zei si Titani+Giganti” cu razboaiele purtate impotriva dacilor,romanii fiind “zeii” biruitori asupra “Titanilor si Gigantilor si asupra dacilor in cele din urma.

Gigantii sunt pomeniti si in traditiile evreilor,figurand sub numele de Gog si Magog,cea mai veche legenda despre Gog si Magog o aflam la Ezechiel.

In una din povestile sale,prorocul si profetul evreilor Ezechiel,ameninta pe evrei ca Iehova va adduce asupra tarii lor pe regale Gog din tara Magog,cu oastea sa cea superba de cai si calareti,inarmati cu sabii,lanci,arcuri ,sageti,scuturi sicoifuri.

Acestia,venind de la Miazanoapte,calarind pe cai,vor da navala ca o furtuna asupra tarii lui Israel ca sa o pradeze si sa o distruga.Ei vor cutreiera pamantul in triumf,vor duce pe evrei in captivitate,apoi implinindu-si misiunea lor,vor fi distrusi cu totii de mania Cerului.

Profetia lui Ezechiel, avea fara indoiala, in vedere traditiile vechi despre teribilul razboi dintre Giganti si Titani si Zei,cand Gigantii si Titanii urmarisera pe Zei pana in Egipt.

Profetul Ieremia,care traise cu putin inainte de Ezechiel,vorbeste despre acelasi popor,pe care il numeste mai simplu “pradatorul gintilor (praedo gentium)” care va veni dintr-o zona indepartata,din partile de Miazanoapte,de la capatul Pamantului;popor viteaz de calareti arcasi,vechi si puternic,vorbind o limb ape care evreii nu o inteleg.

Ei sunt un popor mare,crud si fara mila iar vocea lor mugeste ca marea si ei vin pe cai mai iuti decat vulturii,toti insirati,pregatiti de un mare razboi de cotropire.

Ei vor distruge cetatea Ierusalimului (cum a facut si viteazul Nabucodonosor) si vor distruge si toate cetatile intarite ale lui Iuda,prefacand tara evreilor in pustiu incat nu va mai ramane om in Ierusalim,iar evreii vor deveni sclavi cu totii. (de unde si numele lui Nabucodonosor de Lucifer-Luceafarul la crestini, care a dus in robire evreii dupa ce a distrus tara lor).

Cu 6 secole in urma lui Ezechiel,de Gog si Magog mai face amintire si Ioan Teologul in Apocalipsa.

Vorbind despre timpurile cele din urma ale lumii,Ioan ne ne spune ca atunci cand se vor implini 1000 de ani de cand a fost inchis intr-un adanc balaurul cel vechi Typhon (Diavolul,Satana,Set,Ahriman) atunci acesta va fi dezlegat si iesind din temnita isi va reface puterile si va conduce la razboi pe popoarele Gog si Magog,ce sunt raspandite in cele 4 colturi ale lumii si al caror numar este cat nisipul marii.

Apocalipsa considera pe Gog si Magog ca popoarele mame din care descindeau toate gintile pelasge,raspandite in diferite parti ale lumii vechi.

Acestia se vor revarsa pe fata Pamantului,vor asedia cetatea cea iubita a Ierusalimului,insa for fi nimiciti de catre focul ceresc,drept pedeapsa.

In Apocalipsa,dupa cum vedem cu usurinta,noi avem doar o simpla varianta prost copiata din traditiile vechi iudaice ale profetilor si prorocilor Ezechiel si Ieremia,traditii mult anterioare crestinismului.

Sub numele de Gog si Magog,cei vechi intelegeau cu deosebire pe Geti si Massageti.

Numele de Goga,Gugu,Gugă,Gogă si Gogan sunt si azi in uzul taranilor romani,mai cu seama cei de la munte.

Din oracolele sibylliene rezulta ca tarile in care locuiau popoarele Gog si Magog se aflau in partea de nord a Traciei.

Alte traditii despre Gog si Magog sunt prezentate si in legendele epice despre Alexandru cel Mare.

Tara popoarelor numite Gog si Magog e descrisa in naratiunile acestea ca salbatica,neospitaliera,fiind supusa vantului (Boreas),ploilor si gerului de Miazanoapte.

Gintile Gog si Magog,ne spun aceste legende epice,facusera o invazie in partile meridionale.Ele inchise pe Alexandru in Macedonia,facandu-l prizonier,insa Alexandru reusi sa scape,urmand a aduna o oaste mare si pleca spre Miazanoapte unde cucereste tara popoarelor Gog si Magog.

Dupa o alta legenda veche,gintile Gog si Magog se aflau sub dominatia lui Popa Ion,un principe a carui putere se intindea si peste o parte insemnata a Asiei.

Fara indoiala ca aici avem numai o reminescenta despre regele atat de onorat in istoria poporului pelasg,care purta numele de Ianus si care inainte de a trece in Italia,domnise peste Arimi,la nord de Oceanos Potamos;tipul sau ni se prezinta si pe anumite monede arhaice din Dacia.

Articol scris de Kogaion

In order to have a better understanding of the characteristics of the ancient barbarian language, we shall reproduce a series of words of Latin origin, which had belonged to the national idiom of the populations forming the ethnic substratum of the provinces subjected to Roman domination, words which do not derive, either from Greek language, or from the Italic language.

Some of these remains of ancient language have been transmitted by the Greek and Latin authors, while others have been preserved in the Egyptian mortuary papyri. It is understandable though that these words, which were subjected to other mode of pronunciation, to other grammatical laws, and written in a foreign alphabet, could not reach us but in a more or less altered form.

What we present here is only a specimen of Latin barbarian language, as much as the pages of this book allow us. But a more general glossary, which contained also the barbarian Latin words which have entered the Slavic, German, Gallic, Britannic and Hispanic languages, would be a true light for the philological studies devoted to knowing the foundation on which have developed, the Italic rustic language on the one hand, and the Roman languages of the provinces on the other.

The research of the origin of a language, as well as in the appreciation of its elements and forms, cannot proceed but in a historical way; any other system, lacking a basis, cannot lead to the truth.

From the examples which we reproduce further it shall be seen that a great number of Romanian words, considered by some as originated from the Slavonic language, have belonged in fact to the Pelasgian, barbarian language, only many hundreds of years before the arriving of the Slavs in Europe.

(TN – In the following I took the liberty of omitting most of the references, as most of them have been already mentioned throughout this book).

.A.

- Aapas – in the language of the Oscii, Lat. aquas?, Romanian apa. Aphas, river in the Epirus (Pliny. 4. 1. 3). Ponte Abei, locality in Asturia (Rav.); Sard. abba, water.

- Aaru and Anru, sown field, champ des moissons, in the northern regions of the ancient world where, according to the Egyptian religious legends, the stalk of the wheat was 7 ells high, and its ear 2 ells. Il circule dans les champs d’Aarou, ou lui sont donnes le ble et l’orge (Pierret, Le livre d. morts, p. 8. 225. 331. 335. 508). The word derives from the root aro, Greek aroo, to plow, Romanian a ara, from which aroura, place of plowing.

- ababa, mother, mama in the language of the Thracians. Maximinus senior de vico Thraciae vicino, barbaro etiam patre et matre genitus…Et patri quidem nomen Micea, matri Ababa fuisse dicitur (Capit. Maximini duo). It is a derivation from an ancient form ab – ava = abavia, see Baba.

- Ababus on a Latin inscription, instead of abavus (Reines, Synt. Inscr. Lat. I, 10. 6. 71).

- ’Abba, tata, Lat. pater (Suidas). The word has existed also in the ancient Pannonic language. Rex Samuel (c.1040), qui pro sua pietate Oba vocabatur (Anonym. Bel. reg. not. 32) see ‘Appa.

- Abbae, tata, in the language of the inhabitants of Bogos in Ethiopia, though used only in the vocative. Bogos is the fine territory situated in the foothills of the northern mountains of Ethiopia. According to local traditions, the most ancient inhabitants of this land had been 4 brothers who had come with their flocks and had occupied all the pastures there. One of these brothers was called Lammachalli (Rammaselli), another Beleqa (Sitzungsber. XCIX B. 583). Both these names indicate that the most ancient masters of the land Bogos had been the Arimii and the Belacii. In the idiom of the inhabitants of Bogos we find even today some traces of the ancient Pelasgian language, and in their national songs they celebrate even now the ancient Romii  “comme des vaillants guerriers si hardis qu’ils jetaient leur lance contre le ciel” (Reclus, Geogr. X. 233). See ‘Abba, ‘Apa and ‘Appa.

- ‘Abioi (Abii), migratory people of shepherds, who, coming from Asia to Europe, had divided in two currents, one advancing westwards along the shores of the Northern Sea, the other along the Carpathians and the Danube. With Homer, the Abii appear at the north of Thrace, near the Mysii and the Scythians (Iliad, XIII. 6). The form of the name corresponds to Albi (Arimii albi, TN – white Arimii). In the Ionic dialect, l fell often. In the Istro-Romanian language ab, abi = alb, albi. Abus, river in Britannia (Ptol. II. 3. 4). Aba Decelia = Alba Decilia (Rav.), Alba Docilia (Tab. Peut.), locality in Liguria.

- ‘Abos (Abus), part of the Taurus mountain in northern Armenia, at the sources of the Euphrates (Ptol.).

- ‘Aboula (Abula), a city of Hispania in the region inhabited by the Bastitanii (Ptol.).

- Accion. According to Aviennus (Or. Mar. 683), Lake Leman in Switzerland had been called in ancient times Accion: vetus mos Graeciae vocitavit Accion. The word was therefore a general term in the eastern parts of Europe, used for big lakes. See ‘Ocheanos.

- Aker, as called in the Egyptian papyri, the fertile territory, the divine region from the northern parts of the Pelasgian empire. Roi de la contree Aker; region Aker (Pierret, Livre d. m. 47. 19. 7. 570). The word corresponds to the Latin form ager, Germ. Acker, as results from the interpretation of this word in the Egyptian papyri. The great agricultural festivity, “La fete Haker”, is also called “grande fete du labourage” (Pierret, ibid. 84. 85). See Aaru.

- ach and acha, ancient barbarian words with the meaning aqua, apa. In Rhetia and on the territory of Germany, where part of the Arimii Perlasgians dwelt (Herminonii, Arminii, Alamanii), ach is the final word in the name of a number of rivers, like Altach, Kronach, etc (Grimm, D. W.; Jung, Romer). The same word appears in the German language also under the form Ache, Aache and Oche. Aucha, river in Daica, at the place called Galtis, where the king of the Goths, Ostrogotha, had defeated the king of the Gepidii, Fastida (Jornand. Get. 17). Aachen, the ancient royal crowning city of the German kings, was called in medieval Latin language Aquae and Urbs Aquensis. See ‘Achaia and ‘Ocheanos.

- ‘Achaia (Achaia), in older times a general geographic term for the lands situated near the sea. With Homer, Achaia is sometimes the name of Hellada. In a more constricted term, Achaia was the name of a province of the Peloponnesus, situated at the north of the peninsula, near the gulf of Corinth. Another Achaia was in Thessaly, near the Aegean Sea, but it was called Phthiotis, and had as capital Larissa. Etym. from acha, aqua, apa. See ach.

- ‘Acheloos (Achelous), a river of Thessaly, flowing from the Pindus; other rivers with the same name in Phrygia, Arcadia, Achaia, Thessaly. With the poets, this word is used for almost any flowing water. See ach.

- Achon., throwing lance (Homer). In Romanian aconiu, instrument of iron, thin and sharp.

- ‘Ades and ‘Aides (Hom), Orcus, Tartarus, Rom. iad. Ancient Romanian form adu (Cod. Voronet). With the poet Virgil, Avernul is called also hiatus (Aen. VI. 237). Iada, a locality in Romanian (Falciu), where exists a large gully.

- aesar, in the language of the Etruscans deu, Lat. deus (Suet. Oct. 97), Hesychius aisoi; in the language of the Getae, Anses, demigods (Jornandes, c. 13); Anxur, the co-name of Jove with the Romans, venerated as Jupiter puer (Serv. Aen. 7. 799); all dialectal forms of a single word. Romanian anger; Lat. angelus; Fr. Ange; Bress. Anzo; Burguig. Ainge; Port. Anjo.

- aar, aer (TN – air), atmosphere (Hom.).

- Aeternitate(m) imperi(i), the durability of the empire (Henzen, Acta Fr. Arv.). In the ancient rustic language, the word aeternus did not have the meaning of “sempiternus” (TN – for ever), but it meant only diu vivere, to live long.

- agele, flock, multitude, Lat. grex. With Homer, cattle herds, armentum. In Romanian arghelia, argela (Marienescu, Bal. I), hargelia (Lex. Bud.), hergelia, erghelia, equorum grex, equorum armentum; argelar, pl. argelari, the owner, or the man who watched the horses. In Romanian the word derives from the root “arg” (argos), untilled field, destined for grazing horses.

- agon, place of assembly, the space destined for the war games, locus congregationis, locus certaminis (Homer, Herod.), Romanian ogoiu, sphaeristerium, space for the game with balls.

- agos, dux exercitus, duce (Homer, Iliad, Iv. 519). With Plato, agis (Cratyl. 15). In Deuteronomy, Og, the king of the Amoreii, the last of the Giants. In Romanian epic songs the word agu has the meaning of emperor (Bragadir village, Teleorman).We find in the language of the Secuii of Transilvania, who have borrowed a lot of words from the Romanians, the verb agal, pretending, playing the “lord”, meaning “agul” (Kriza, Vadrozs. 493). In an ancient Egyptian papyrus, Hermes is called Aah-Toth, where his title Aah (= Ag) is also explained by the words “Marchant a la tete” (Maspero, Et. II. 448). To the root agu (agos) seems to be reduced also the Latin word Augustus (Agustus), adopted by Octavianus as imperial title, a proof that this term had had in the popular language the meaning of dux, imperator. Ovid and Festus think that “Augustus” was a word synonymous with “sanctus”, but this was a more remote meaning in any case.

- agros, with Homer field and the countryside, as opposed to the city. In Latin ager, in Romanian, field in general, agru, tilled field (Hasdeu), in Banat agru, field for ploughing, in Macedo-Romanian, field where cereals are sown (Hasdeu). In Cod. Voronetian, agru = ogor, farming plot.

- aia, having the same meaning as gaia, terra, tellus, earth, country (Homer). In the folk poetry of Dobrogea, aieni, indigenous people, of the land (Burada, Dobrogea, p. 128).

- aietos, vulture (Homer), in Romanian, arete and erete, bird from the genus of the hawks.

- ala, equus, cal, in the language of the Pelasgians from Caria (St. Byzant.). With the Romans, ala was a cavalry corps, composed of 500 men. With the Romanians from Basarabia, hal = cal (Arbore, Besarabia, 189). The word has been used in ancient times also in the northern parts of the lower Danube. From “ala” derives the name of the Alanii from the lower Istru (Eustath. p. 305; Isidorus, XIX. 23). In the times of Honorius, the Alanii were considered as a Latin people (Claudianus. Cons. IV. Honor.).

- ‘Alba (Alba), the ancient name of the river Tiber (Diod.). See Albula.

- Alba, with Tacitus Albis, the great river of Germany, which separated the Cheruscii from the Suevii, today Elba. Albim, the name of a river with the Aruthenii from Zabie (Miklosich, Denkschr. t. XXX).

- ‘Albachos (Albacus), a mountain in Caria, in Asia Minor (Ptol. V. 2. 320). Albac, mountain, river and village in Transilvania.

- ‘Albanon oros (Albanus mons), a mountain in southern Pannonia (Ptol.).

- albeum, instead of alveum, Romanian albia. Padus relicto albeo suo (Grom. Vet. 50).

- ‘Albia ore (Albii montes), was the ancient name of the Alpes (Strabo), see Alpes.

- ‘Albion oros (Albius mons), a mountain on the territory of the Iapodii near the Alpes (Strabo).

- Albion, was the name of great Vritannia in older times. In primitive times these islands had been occupied by the Abii or White Arimii.

- Albocola, locality in Lusitania. With Ptol. Albocella, Itin. Prov. Albocela.

- Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber. See ‘Alba.

- Album promontorium in Africa, near the Gaditan strait (Pliny, III, Proem.).

- Albus, Albanus, Albonus, Albicus, Albicianus, personal co-names in Hispania (C I.L. vol. II).

- alces, a species of deer in Germany, Fr. Élan. The word seems to be only a diminutive form from ala, horse (Pliny, VIII. 16). In the dialect of the Romanians from Meglena, Alcia is the name of a horse of a reddish color (Papahagi, Meg.-rom. II. 36); Macedo-Rom. algie and algiu.

- alphos, Lat. albus, Rom. alb, alfos in the Iguvine dialect, Retorom. alf.

- alphos, white spots on the skin, Lat. vitiligo.

- allos, alius, Rom. altul, another.

- Alpes (sing. Alpis), the name of the high chain of mountains at the north of the Italic peninsula. The word derives from albus. According to Strabo, the ancient name of the Alpes was ‘Albia ore (Albii montes). The changing of b in p also appears in the Romanian language: alpia instead of albia (Marienescu, Bal. II. 15).

- ‘Alpis (Alpis), the name of a river in the regions above the Umbrii. In the Roman epoch Alba, Albis, today Elba.

- alpus, in the language of the Sbinii, Lat. albus, Rom. alb.

- Altanus, the name of a wind in the Latin rustic language (Pliny, I. 44. 2). With the Romanians from Banat, the wind which blows from the mountain is called the Oltului wind.

- ‘Altenai (Altenae), a castle near the Danube, towards east of Transmarisca, in the regions of Oltenita of today.

- alutatium (aurum). This is how the ancient workers of mines called the gold found on the surface of the earth, “in summo cespite” (Pliny, 33. 4. 2).

- alutia, gold mines in the language of the inhabitants of Lusitania (Pliny, 34. 47), altun in the Cumanic language.

- Alutum river, the name of the river Olt in a Roman inscription from the time of Trajan (Froehner, Col. Traj.). With Herodotus Atlas, with Ptolemy Aluta.

- ‘Amaia (Amaia), a name of the divinity Ceres, Maia, Terra Mater with the Romans.

- amalusta, the name of a plant in Dacia, which the inhabitants from Campania called amalocia.

- amarachos, the name of a plant with the inhabitants of Cyzic, near Propontis, Lat. amaracus. In Romanian, a similar form is maracina.

- amelgein, Lat. mulgere, Rom. a mulge (TN – to milk).

- ‘Amnias (Amnias), a river in Paflagonia, in Latin amnis, river.

- ‘Amnisos (Amnisus), river and port in Crete (Odyss.).

- amnos, fem. amna, uniu anni agnus, in Romanian miel and mnel (TN – lamb).

- amolgos, crepusculum, Romanian amurgul, with Homer nochtos amolgo, evening.

- amino, to abate, to reject. With Homer the word is in connection with the “hands”; Romanian a amana (TN – mana=hand), proferre, procrastinare. 

- anaxyris, used only in pl. anaxyrides, Romanian cioarecii, or the long and wide trousers of the Scythes (Herod.), Lat. braccae. The word corresponds to the Romanian nadragi, the peasant wide trousers worn eve today in some parts of Romania (Vlasca, Teleorman).

- agchylos, crooked, curved (Homer), Lat. angulus, Rom. unghiu (TN – angle).

- ‘Anemoreia (Anemoria), a city near Delphi on a high hill (Homer, Steph. Byz.). With Homer nemos, Lat. nemus, forest with pasture for cattle.

- ‘Anigridai nymphai (Anigridae nymphae). In the province Elis in the Peloponnesus, according to Pausanias, the people who had black or white marks on the body addressed their prayers to the nymphs called Anigridae (Descr. Gr. 5. 5. 11). See ‘Anigros.

- ‘Anigros (Anigrus), river in Triphylia in the Peloponnesus (Strabo).

- anti and ankh, in the mortuary papyri of the Egyptians with the meaning of unguentum, oleum, butyrum. The word corresponds to the Romanian form unt, Lat. unctum.

- Anxurus, the co-name of Jove, venerated as Jupiter puer. The word belongs to the rustic, barbarian language and corresponds to the Romanian anger, Romaniol anzul, Lat. angelus.

- ‘Apa, title of the Egyptian priests. See ‘Abba and ‘Appa.

- Apammari, a locality in Mesopotamia near the Euphrates. The word corresponds to the Romanian form Apa mare (TN – big water). In Persian ap means also apa, Lat. aqua. See apo.

- aparcha, primae anni fruges. Romanian parghie (TN – lever).

- Aphas, river in the Epirus. In Latin aqua, Rom. apa, see ach and acha.

- Aplu, the name of Apollo with the Etruscans, Aplus on the national coins of Dacia.

- Apo fl., a river of Dacia which flew into the Danube near the Roman road coming from Viminaciu towards Sarmizegethusa. Appion with Ravennas, Apion with Guido. See the forms Aapas, Apammari, Aphas.

- ‘Appa = pappas, atta,, father, with Calimachus.

- ‘Apsorros (Apsorrhus), river in Cappadocia (Ptol. 5. 6), river of the Pontus (Scylax). In the language of the Romanian people, apsora and apusora, diminutive forms of apa, Lat. aqua. Apsora, a stream in Romania near Muntele sec in Mehedinti.

- Apulum and Aplum, the name of a city of Dacia in Roman inscritptions. With Ptolemy ‘Apoulon, on the Tab. Peut. Apula. The form of the name corresponds to A(l)bulum, A(l)bula. In the Middle Ages Alba Transilvaniae.

- aroaesa, in the language of the inhabitants of Bogos (Ethiopia) means aratoriu, plowman, Lat. arator, Germ. Ackersmann.

- arborria, the name of a plant with the Dacians; with the Greeks chissos melas, and with the inhabitants of Italy hedera nigra.

- archale and archane, the wood on which ropes were tied in order to catch or pull something, Romanian arcan.

- ‘Archas, pl. ‘Archades (Arcas, Arcades), the inhabitants of Arcadia. According to Suidas, the Arcadii were the most bellicose among all the Greeks, who led a military life in the beginning (Strabo, 5. 2. 4). With the Athenians, there existed a class of soldiers with the name ‘Argadeis (Herod. 5. 66). Pausanias mentions also arcasi (TN – bowmen) among the fighters of Arcadia (4. 4. 3). Without doubt, in the beginning ‘Archas had the same meaning as the Romanian arcas, Sagittarius. In Maramures arcas, hunter, or soldier armed with a bow.

- ‘Argetares (Argetares), a castle fortified by Justinian in the regions of the river Timoc.

- argilla, subterraneum aedificium, subterranean dwelling in the language of the Cimmerians (Crimea), in Romanian argea, Lat. cella subterranea.

- argillos, mouse in the language of the Thracians, Lat. mus.

- argos, agru, field, untilled earth, countryside. With the ancient Macedonians and Thessalians argos = pedion. The word was especially used by the Pelasgians. Pelasgichon ‘Agros, the plain of Thessaly; Pedion ‘Argon or pedion tou ‘Argou, a plain in Arcadia. In Romanian argat, paid hand employed in farming work, Greek ‘argates.

- arima, Scythian word, Lat. unus, Rom. unu. This word has been preserved in a close form in the folk verses recited by children in the Hungarian regions of ancient Pannonia - where we find the forms unuma (unoma, onoma) and dunuma, with the meaning of one, two -, and in the verses recited by the Romanian children: una mia, una-i mara, anarama. ‘Arima in the Scythian language is a rotacised word, like with the Istro-Romanians ur = unu (TN – one).

- Arius, river near the Indus, which flew along Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great. Macedo-Rom. ariu.

- aroo, Lat. arare, Rom. a ara (TN – to plough).

- arotar, Lat. arator, he who ploughs, Rom. plugar.

- ‘Arotos. Lat. aratus, Rom. arat, aratura (Hom.).With Hesiodus arotos, tempus arationis, the time of ploughing.

- arotron, aratrum, plough. ‘Aroura (Hom.), Lat. arvum, arata terra, ager, campus; Rom. camp de aratura, ploughed field.

- arrabon, Rom. arvuna (TN – initial deposit for owed money). From the Romanians the word has passed in the language of the Ruthenii under the form arawona (Miklosich).

- arren, ram, animal of masculine sex. In Latin ares and aries. Rom. arête, ariete and ireu, not gelded ram.

- ‘Arsa (arsa), a castle in Dardania in the time of Justinian.

- ‘Arsena (Arsena), a castle in the regions of Illyria, repaired in the time of Justinian. A similar form is found in Romanian incantations: the woods of Arsinii (Marian).

- ‘Arzos (Arzus), a city and river in Thrace, which flew in the Propontis. ‘Arzon, castle in the Rhodope mountains. In the regions of the Carpathians, Ars and Arsul, the name of a number of mountains.

- ‘Asarachai (Asaracae), a people from the region of the Getulii in Libya (Ptol. IV. 6. 296). Seraca (var. Saraca), locality in Media (Ptol. VI. 2). In Rom. sarac, pauper, infelix.

- ‘Asarath (Asarath), river in Mauritania. Zaratha (Zaratha), locality in Mauritania. Zalathos (Salathus), river in Libya. On the Romanian territory from the Carpathians, a number of streams and localities Sarata.

- aschu (aschu), According to Herodotus, the Arimaspii from Scythia made from the fruit of the tree “ponticon” a sort of drink, and from the peel of the fruit a sort of bread named aschu (lib. IV. 23). It is the same word as the Latin esca, nutriment alimente, In Cumanic language as, cibus.

- ‘Asilba (Asilba), a castle near the Istru, repaired in the times of Justinian. A barbarian form of the word silva, wood.

- ateros, alter, Rom. altul, another.

- ‘Atlas (Atlas), a river which flew into the lower Istru (Herod.). In the Roman epoch Alutum, Aluta. In the medieval documents of Hungary Olt and Olta, Romanian Olt.

- atta, allocution of respect of a youth towards someone older (Suidas). In the language of the inhabitants of Bithynia attis had the meaning of papas, tata, father, in the Latin rustic language atta. The word has been also in use in Dacia (C. I. L. III. 1435). In this inscription Atta corresponds to Tata from the inscription from Palestrina, placed on the grave of a child, by Primitiva Mat(er) and Arius Tata (Torquati, Orig. d. l. ital. 304). In the Comasc dialect of Italy atta = father. With the Swiss ate, with the Romansche at, in the word bis-at, ancestor. In the language of the Cumanii, ata means pater.

- aule, Lat. aula, the courtyard of a house. With the Romanians from Banat avila = courtyard.

- aure, Ionic aura, aer, air, Lat. aura, the gentle breath of air. In the Megleno-Rom. dialect aura = coolness, Lat. refrigerium.

- Austravia (Austrania), the name of an island from the Suevic Sea, renowned in ancient times for the “electrum” brought from there (Pliny, XXXVII. 12. 2). Austravia corresponds to Ostravia, Romanian ostrov, island.

- ‘Axenos and ‘Axeinos (Axenus or Axius), an ancient name of the Euxine Pontos, an altered Greek form of the word ocean(os), see ‘Ocheanos.

- ‘Axios (Axius), a river of lower Mesia, which flew into the Danube, near the marsh called Ociu at Rasova; ‘Axios, the great river of Macedonia, today Vardar; ‘Axios, river in Syria, near which was the city Apamea; Axium, river in Britannia; Axon, river in southern Caria; Axona, river in Gallia Belgica, at the frontiers of the Remii. These are words which also appear under the forms of Oaxes, river in Crete; Oxus, the most important river of Asia after the Indus and Ganges; Accion, the name of the lake Leman, all of which are reduced to aqua, aha, Rom. ociu, see ach and ‘Ocheanos.

- AXBVCTE – A graffiti discovered in the basilica S. Alexander in Via Nomentana in Rome, whose age goes back at the most to the 4^th century ad, contains in its first part the letters of the alphabet in the following order:

AXBVCTESDR

FQGPH….M

The learned archaeologist Garrucci had observed that in this series of letters, A is united with X, B with V, and so forth. Another graffiti discovered in the termes from Stabiae near Pompeii, contains the letters of the alphabet almost in the same order: AXBVCTDSER. Other examples have been also discovered on the walls of Pompeii and Herculanum, cities buried under the ash of the Vesuvius in 79bc. Finally, the illustrious numismatist Eckhel has realized too that on some series of the denarii of the Roman Republic could be seen imprinted the letters AX, BV, CT, DS, ER, FQ, GP, HO, IN, KM. The archaeologist Cavedoni has been the first to suppose that this curious combination of letters was reduced to an ancient didactic use, to have the children repeat the letters of the alphabet not only in their established order, but also in this way of jumping from the first letter to the last, the second to the second last, and so forth. What Cavedoni had only supposed, is completely confirmed by the following words of S. Hieronymus: As we read the Greek alphabet in its normal order to the last letter, similarly, in order to imprint even more in the minds of the children the memory of letters, we have the custom to change the order of reading, and to add to the letters from the beginning those from the end, saying AlphaOmega, BetaPsi (Ierem. XXV, 26). In the above graffiti and examples, the letter A is combined with X, which according to some, had been introduced in the Latin alphabet in the times of Cicero, and according to others, of Augustus. But before the borrowing of X from the Greeks, as it was said, the last letter of the Latin alphabet had been Z (cf. C. I. L. vol. VIII. 20. 21). Without doubt there also had existed a combination of A with Z, in the form AZBVCTDSERFQ.

Through prolonged use, this mixed order of the letters had started to form a sort of groups or words, like AZ, BUCTE, DSERFQ, which later have been applied as particular names for some letters, as seen in the names of the letters in the ancient Romanian alphabet, wrongly called Cyrillic: A = Az(AZ); B = Buchie (BVCT and BVCTE); C (which corresponds to ce in Romanian epigraphy) = cerfa (DSERFQ).

The bishop Isidorus of Sevilla tells us also that the names of the letters were of barbarian origin (Orig. lib. I. 4. 17). Later, this combination of letters AZ – BVCTE became in the language of the barbarian populations the name of the alphabet, and the letters were generally named buchi by the Romanians and Slavs (Germ. Buchstabe). The Greeks had borrowed the letters of the alphabet from the Barbarians or the Pelasgians of Europe, not from the Phoenicians. This results from the similarity of the ancient Greek letters with the Latin letters (Pliny, VII. 58). And this resemblance of forms had made Caesar to believe that the Helvetii and Druidii used Greek letters (B. G. I, 29; VII, 14). The ancient terminology of the graphic art has in fact a barbarian character, pastoral and agricultural. With the Greeks, the ancient way of writing was called bustrophedon, meaning “as the oxen turn during ploughing” (Pausanias, 5. 18). The first row was written from left to right, the second from right to left, and each following row started from where the preceding had ended. For the term “to write”, the Greeks used the word graphein (in ancient form grapein), “to scratch, to engrave, to hide underground, identical with the Romanian “a grapa”, occare agrum  (TN - harrow). In the same way, the Romanians said often exarare instead of “scribere”, meaning “to imitate the way of ploughing (TN – a ara)”.

The Greeks called the material on which they wrote, biblos, more correctly byblos = diphdera (pellis rasa, pellis bubula), “piele lucrata” (TN - worked skin), because the barbarians, as Herodotus tells us, wrote on animal skins.

In regard to the name of the first letters of the Greek alphabet, ‘Alpha corresponds to the feminine Umbric adjective alfa, Retorom. alf, alva; Sab. alpa, Lat. and Rom. alba; and Beta is without doubt the same word from which derives the form italus (bos, taurus), Rom. vita, Fr. bete and beta (Littre). Varro also writes (L. L. VIII. 64): “alpha, etc. non esse vocabula nostra sed penitus barbara”. From the language of the Pelasgians, and maybe through the mediation of the Greeks, the names of these letters had also passed to the Hebrews, under the forms aleph and beth. 

.B.

- Baal (Baal), a king of the Tyrians, who had ruled after Itobalus. In the Semitic language the word had the meaning dominus. In the language of the Pelasgians from Phrygia, balan = king. Under the form of balus the word had been used also in the official Roman language as a title for the brave king of the Dacians, who had forced the Roman empire to pay him an annual tribute. A manuscript of Dio explains the name of Decebal with the words the king of the Dacians. Thet “Decebal” was not a proper name results also from the letter of Pliny II to the poet Caninius, that the names of the Dacians were barbarian and wild, and especially that of the king himself (barbara et fera nomina. Epist. 8. 4).

- Baau (Baau) in Phoenician language = night. In Rom. bau, expression for scaring the children in the dark, or at night.

- Baba, a personality from mythical times. In Romanian epic poems Baba with the meaning of old: Baba-Novac=Novac the old, Greek pappos. With Varro, pappus is senex, with Ausonius is avus. Italian babo, Sard. babu, father, Macedorom. baba, father, Retorom. bab, father. In Romanian babac and babaca = tata, father. The word had also existed in the rustic language of Italy. We find with Plautus the exclamation: Babae, Tatae, Papae!

- Baba, Egyptian divinity, the guardian of the palace of Osyris in the northern regions of the empire.

- Babas (Babas), a commander of the Roman troupes, originally from Thrace.

- Babyle (Babule), city on the territory of the Odrysii of Thrace. In the Romanian language baba, mama, mother, grandmother, old woman, Lat. mater, avia, anus, vetula. Baba, pl. Babe, rocks in various regions of the Carpathians, which present from afar a more or less resemblance with the figure of an old woman.

- Baba (Baba), city in Mauritania, named in the time of Augustus Colonia Campestris Iulia Babba. Baba, locality in Mesopotamia.

- Bebia ore (Bebii montes), part of the mountains of upper Pannonia. The name corresponds to the Romanian form Muntii Babei (TN - the Mountains of Baba).

- Babas (Babas), castle in Macedonia, repaired in the time of Justinian.

- Baku, Bacchos (Bacchus), the Thracian name of Dionysus, Osyris of the Egyptians. In the Egyptian papyri Baku is a title of Osyris. In Greek inscriptions Bacchos and Bacchios is an epithet of Dionysus-Osyris. With Macrobius Bacchus, according to some historical sources, is identical with Osyris. It is a barbarian word with the meaning of bull. In the Acts of the Arvali Brothers we find the feminine form bacca or baccha = vacca (TN – cow). In the popular Latin language has existed also the masculine form boca or boaca. In Egyptian papyri Osyris (Dionysus, Bacchus) is called taureau d’Amenti; taureau au sein d’Egypte (Pierret, Livre d. morts). With Sophocles, Bacchus has the epithet boucheros, “with horns of ox” and taurophagos “who eats bulls”. Rom.  bic, bica, bull, Rom. dialect from Istria bac = bull.

- Baitulia (Baetulia), animate lapides, animated stones, about which the ancients told that had been invented by Uranos; probably a sort of explosives used in war. The word is barbarian, deriving from battuo, a bate, to beat. Italian battaglia, Fr. bataille, Rom. bataia and batalia.

- Baitulos (Baetulus), a son of Uranos, brother with Saturn. In some Romanian epic songs, Iovita, the illegitimate son of Novac the old (Saturn), figures only with the name Baiatul. “Baetulus” is a traditional barbarian name, as also results from the words of the grammarian Priscianus (Inst. V. 19): lapis ille, quem Saturnus vorasse traditur pro ioue, quem Graeci baitulon vocant; where the word baitulon referred in more ancient texts to “ioue” (Iovis), not to “lapis”.

- Balan (Balan) in the accusative form. According to Procopius (B. G.), the Barbarians called Balan a black horse with a white forehead, as had been the horse of Belisarius in the war with the Goths in Italy; Romanian cal (horse) balan, or simply balan, white horse.

- Balan, king in the language of the Phrygians. See Baal and Banus.

- Balios (Balius), one of the horses used by Achilles in the Trojan war. With the Romanians, cal balan and cal bal; with the Macedoromanians, cal baliu, with a little white star on the forehead; in the dialect from Meglena, baliu = balan.

- balle, the last word in the composed name Mauroballe, castle repaired by Justinian in the Thraco-Illyrian regions.

- Balthutha and Balducta, in Latin medieval language in the regions of Geneve, lac pressum. The word belongs to the barbarian Latin language, Rom. lapte batut, Lat. lac batutum (TN – butter milk).

- Baltia, a vast island in the Northern Sea, probably Sweden (Plin. IV. 27), Abalus with Pytheas. The name “Baltia” comes without doubt from the barbarian name of the sea. Greek balte, Lat. palus, Rom. and Mrom. balta (lac), lake. The word has also existed in the language of the indigenes of Pannonia, as results from the name of the lake Balaton, which pre-supposes a popular form baltoniu = big lake.

- balucem (accus. from balux), gold dust in the popular language of Hispania  (Plin. XXXIII. 21. 11). In Cod. Theodos. balluca, Romanian beuta = white round little stone, found in the bed of rivers, bal and bel with the Maceodromanians.

- banausos, he who works at the hearth or oven. Rom. banias or baias, miner, see Baunos.

- banda, in the barbarian language of the Pelasgians from Caria means victory, Lat. victory, Rom. isbanda.

- Baniana, city in Hispania Baetica. Banienses, minicipium in Lusitania. Hispania had been renowned in antiquity for its gold mines. The topical names Baniana and Banienses, as well as the Romanian words bania or baia, Lat. metallifodina, are reduced to the same root as the Greek baunos, fornax, caminus, from where banausos, he who works at the oven or hearth. In the Thraco-Illyric regions, Banes (Banes), a castle repaired by Justinian.

- Bannas, as Hesychius writes, meant “king” for the inhabitants of the lower parts of Italy, or the highest political and military position. In the eastern parts of Europe the word under the form ban is very ancient. See banus and Pan.

- banus. A king of the Alanii near the Istru is called by Jornandes Sangibanus. The last part of this name, banus, indicates a national political position, like rix in “Boiorix”. The Alanii were neighbors of the Dacians. With the Romanians, ban is the most ancient title of the Domni (TN – the equivalent of king) from the country of Ardel (Transilvania). The Bani of Ardel are also mentioned in the epic poetry of the Serbs. Bani were called also the ancient Domni from Tera Severinului. In Romanian traditional poetry, Banul also had the sovereign title of Domn. In Bulgarian epic poetry, ban is synonymous with “crai”. See Bannas.

- barbiton (barbitum), old musical instrument used by the Hyperborean poetess Sapho (Eupnorion. Fr. 8).

- baschanon, remedy against spells used by Barbarians. Rom. boscona.

- bathron, pl bathra, Rom. vatra, hearth, the place where the fire burns.

- batocura. A graffiti discovered on the walls of a brothel in Aquincum (Pannonia), contains a few lines in Latin, addressed by someone to Gratus, about whom it says that he had love relations with a Greek woman, the servant of Lupus, while another graffiti contains the word Batocura, Romanian batjocura, Lat. derisus, ludibrium, contumelia, derision.

- battos (battus), king, rex, in the language of the inhabitnts of Libya. In the times of Augustus, two army commanders of the populations from Pannonia had the names Bato and Batto. In the Romanian language of the Voronetian Codex we find vatahul (vatah) with the meaning of emperor and august.

- batrachos, Lat. rana, batrachus; Rom. brosca, brotac, frog.

- baunos, fornax, caminus, oven for the melting of metals; in Romanian bania or baia, the place where metals arre extracted and purified, Lat. metallifodina.

- becchos in Phrygian, Lat. panis, Rom. pane. Seems to be the same word as the Latin victus (etym. from “vivo”), aliments, nutrients, Fr. vivres.

- bedu (bedu), aer (TN – air) in the religious language of the ancient Macedonians; Rom. vezduh, atmosphere, but in the Voronetian Cod